n tests sur animaux horreur , mensonge = "aucune' cruauté!

<H3 style="BACKGROUND: #f8fcff; MARGIN: auto 0cm"> [edit] University of California, Los Angeles



In 2006, animal rights activists forced a primate researcher at UCLA to shut down the experiments in his lab. The researcher's name, phone number, and address were posted on the website of the UCLA Primate Freedom Project, along with a description of his research, which stated that he had "received a grant to kill 30 macaque monkeys for vision experiments. Each monkey is first paralyzed, then used for a single session that lasts up to 120 hours, and finally killed." [85] Demonstrations were held in front of the professor's home. A Molotov cocktail was placed on the porch of what was believed to be the home of another UCLA primate researcher. Instead, it was accidentally left on the porch of an elderly woman unrelated to the university. The Animal Liberation Front claimed responsibility for the attack. [86][87] As a result of the campaign, the researcher sent an email to the Primate Freedom Project stating "you win," and "please don’t bother my family anymore." [88] In another incident at UCLA in June 2007, the Animal Liberation Brigade placed a bomb under the car of a UCLA children's ophthalmologist, who experiments on cats and rhesus monkeys; the bomb had a faulty fuse and did not detonate. [73] UCLA is now refusing Freedom of Information Act requests for animal medical records.
[edit] Alternatives to animal testing































Main article: Alternatives to animal testing

Most scientists and governments say they agree that animal testing should cause as little suffering to animals as possible, and that animal tests should only be performed where necessary. The "three Rs" [89] are guiding principles for the use of animals in research in many countries:

• Reduction refers to methods that enable researchers to obtain comparable levels of information from fewer animals, or to obtain more information from the same number of animals.
  
• Replacement refers to the preferred use of non-animal methods over animal methods whenever it is possible to achieve the same scientific aim.
  
• Refinement refers to methods that alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering or distress, and enhance animal welfare for the animals still used.
  

</H3>

Laïka


Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.


Aller à : Navigation, Rechercher

Timbre poste polonais de 1964 représentant la chienne Laïka.



Laïka (du russe : Лайка, « aboyeur ») est une chienne qui, le 3 novembre 1957, est devenue le premier être vivant terrien à voyager dans l'espace. Elle a été lancée par l'URSS à bord de l'engin spatial Spoutnik 2, presque un mois jour pour jour après le lancement du premier satellite artificiel Spoutnik 1.
Après le succès de Spoutnik 1, Nikita Khrouchtchev voulait le lancement d'un second engin pour le 7 novembre afin de commémorer le 40e anniversaire de la révolution bolchevique. Dans l'urgence, sans étude préalable, Spoutnik 2 a été construit en 4 semaines.
Laïka mourut environ 7 heures après le lancement, du stress et de surchauffe, probablement due à une défaillance du système de régulation de température. La vraie cause de sa mort ne fut révélée que plusieurs décennies après la mission. Les versions qui subsistèrent jusqu'aux révélations du docteur Dimitri Malachenkov en 2002 affirmaient qu'elle était morte en consommant de la nourriture empoisonnée — qui avait été préparée pour lui éviter de souffrir de la chaleur lors du retour de Spoutnik 2 dans l'atmosphère — ou d'asphyxie à l'épuisement de ses réserves d'oxygène. Quelques anciens scientifiques russes ont depuis exprimé leurs regrets de l'avoir laissée mourir.[1]
La capsule spatiale se consuma le 14 avril 1958 en rentrant dans l'atmosphère terrestre.
Malgré la mort de Laïka, l'expérience prouva qu'un être vivant pouvait survivre d'un vol en orbite autour de la Terre, et subir les effets de l'apesanteur. La mission Spoutnik 2 prépara le terrain pour le vol spatial de l'Homme, fournissant aux scientifiques les premières données sur les réactions des organismes vivants dans l'espace.

Spoutnik 2 [modifier] Une maquette de Spoutnik 2, le satellite qui emmena Laïka dans l'espace.


Article détaillé : Spoutnik 2.

Après le succès de Spoutnik 1, Nikita Khrouchtchev, le dirigeant de l'URSS, voulu envoyer un second satellite dans l'espace, « habité » cette fois ci, à l'occasion du quarantième anniversaire de la révolution bolchévique, le 7 novembre. Un satellite plus sophistiqué était déjà à l'étude, mais ne pouvait être prêt avant décembre ; ce satellite devint Spoutnik 3[2].
Pour respecter l'échéance imposée, un nouveau satellite, moins sophistiqué, devait être conçu. Selon des sources russes, la décision officielle du lancement de Spoutnik 2 fut prise le 10 ou 12 octobre, laissant à l'équipe seulement quatre semaines pour concevoir et construire le satellite[3]. En conséquence, Spoutnik 2 fut réalisé dans l'urgence, la plupart des éléments du vaisseau étant construit à partir de croquis approximatifs. En plus de sa mission principale — envoyer un être vivant dans l'espace — Spoutnik 2 contenait une suite d'instruments scientifiques, notamment des spectromètres pour étudier les radiations solaires et les rayons cosmiques[2].
Spoutnik 2 était équipé d'un équipement autonome de survie constitué d'un générateur de dioxygène ainsi que de dispositifs permettant d'éviter l'hyperoxie et d'absorber le dioxyde de carbone. Un ventilateur, qui s'activait lorsque la température de la cabine dépassait 15 °C, fut ajouté pour maintenir la chienne au frais. Elle était munie d'une combinaison/harnais, et des chaînes/courroies étaient utilisées pour limiter ses mouvements dans l'étroite cabine capitonnée. Un réservoir de caoutchouc, destiné à recueillir ses urines et excréments était adapté à l'arrière de sa combinaison. Un électrocardiogramme enregistrait la fréquence cardiaque et d'autres instruments surveillaient le taux respiratoire, la pression artérielle et les mouvements de la chienne[4][5].

Entraînement et voyage [modifier]
La chienne qui plus tard serait appelé Laïka fut trouvée errante dans les rues de Moscou. C'était une chienne bâtarde, âgée d'environ trois ans, et pesant près de 6 kg. Le personnel soviétique qui l'a recueilli lui a donné plusieurs noms et surnoms, parmi lesquels Koudryavka (« petite boucle/peu bouclé »), Zhoutchka et Limontchik.
« Laïka », nom russe désignant des chiens bâtards ressemblant au husky, fut le nom popularisé à travers le monde. La presse américaine la surnommait Muttnik (« mutt » signifiant « chien bâtard » + le suffixe -nik), calembour de « Spoutnik »[6], ou l'appelait « Curly » (« bouclé »)[7]. Son vrai pedigree est inconnu, bien qu'il est couramment accepté qu'elle était un croisement d'un husky (ou d'une autre race nordique) et d'un terrier[8].
L'URSS et les États-Unis avaient précédemment envoyé des animaux en vols suborbitaux[9], notamment sur des missiles R-1 en 1951 et 1952. Trois chiens ont été formés pour le vol de Spoutnik 2 : Albina, Mouchka et Laïka[10]. Ce fut le scientifique russe Oleg Gazenko qui sélectionna et entraîna Laïka[11]. Albina vola deux fois sur un missile lors de tests en haute-altitude, et Mouchka fut utilisée pour tester l'instrumentation et l'équipement autonome de survie[5],[9].
Pour adapter les chiens au confinement dans la cabine exiguë de Spoutnik 2, ils furent maintenus dans des cages de plus en plus petites pendant des périodes pouvant dépasser 20 jours. L'emprisonnement à l'étroit eu pour effet de les faire cesser leurs besoins et de les rendre agités, détériorant leurs états. Des laxatifs n'apportèrent aucune amélioration, et les chercheurs constatèrent que seulement de longues périodes de formation étaient efficaces. Les chiens furent placés dans une centrifugeuse, qui simulait l'accélération au lancement de la fusée, ainsi que dans des machines simulant les bruits à bord du vaisseau spatial. Cela doubla leur rythme cardiaque et leur pression sanguine augmenta de 30 à 65 torr. On les habitua également à consommer un gel nutritif, qui sera leur seule nourriture dans l'espace[5].
Selon un document de la NASA, Laĩka fut placée dans le satellite le 31 octobre 1957, trois jours avant le début de la mission[5]. Les températures à Tyuratamau, près du cosmodrome de Baïkonour, étaient extrêmement froides à cette époque de l'année, si bien qu'un tuyau relié à un radiateur fut utilisé pour maintenir sa cabine au chaud. Deux assistants furent affectés à la surveillance de Laïka avant le lancement. Juste avant le décollage, le 3 novembre 1957, le pelage de Laïka fut épongé à l'aide d'une solution faiblement alcoolisée et soigneusement toiletté. On enduit d'iode les parties de son corps où des électrodes seraient implantées pour surveiller ses fonctions corporelles[12].

Au maximum d'accélération lors du lancement, le rythme respiratoire de Laïka était grimpé jusqu'à entre trois et quatre fois son rythme normal.[5] Les sondes montrèrent que sa fréquence cardiaque était de 103 battements/minutes (bpm) avant le lancement et avait atteint 240 bpm au début de l'accélération. Après que Spoutnik 2 ait atteint son orbite, sa coiffe (nose cone) fut larguée avec succès. Cependant, le « bloc A » du lanceur ne s'est pas séparé comme prévu, empêchant le système de régulation thermique (thermal control system) de fonctionner correctement. Une partie de l'isolation thermique se déchira, ce qui éleva la température de la cabine à 40 °C[13]. Après trois heures en apesanteur, le pouls de Laïka était revenu à 102 bpm[14] ; le retour au rythme cardiaque « normal » prit trois fois plus longtemps que lors des essais au sol, signe du stress enduré par la chienne. Les premiers relevés indiquèrent que Laïka était agitée mais qu'elle mangeait sa nourriture[13]. Cependant, au bout d'approximativement cinq à sept heures de vol, Laïka ne donna plus aucun signe de vie[5].
Les scientifiques russes avaient prévu d'euthanasier Laïka avec une portion de nourriture empoisonnée au bout de dix jours. Pendant plusieurs années, l'URSS donna des versions contradictoires, certains affirmant que Laïka serait morte d'asphyxie à la décharge des batteries, d'autres qu'elle avait été euthanasiée. Beaucoup de rumeurs circulèrent quant aux circonstances exactes de sa mort. En 1999, plusieurs sources russes avançaient qu'elle était morte au bout de quatre jours, de la surchauffe de la cabine[3]. En octobre 2002, le docteur Dimitri Malachenkov, l'un des scientifiques participant à la mission Spoutnik 2, révéla que Laïka périt environ cinq à sept heures après le lancement, d'une défaillance du système de régulation de température et du stress. Selon un rapport qu'il présenta au World Space Congress à Houston (Texas), « il s'est avéré pratiquement impossible de créer un système de régulation de température fiable en si peu de temps »[4]. Spoutnik 2 fut finalement détruit (avec la dépouille de Laïka) en rentrant dans l'atmosphère terrestre le 14 avril 1958, cinq mois plus tard, après avoir effectué 2 570 rotations autour de la Terre[15].

Références [modifier]

• (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu d’une traduction de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais : « Laika »
  
• Angliss, Sarah and Uttley, Colin. Science in the Dock: The man who trained the space dogs. Retrieved January 28, 2005.
  
• Anon. An Internet memorial to Laika. Retrieved septembre 1, 2004.
  
• Chase, Robin. Muttnik: A Tribute to Laika. Retrieved January 28, 2005.
  
• Grahn, Sven. Sputnik-2, more news from distant history. Retrieved septembre 1, 2004.
  
• NSSDC Master Catalog: Sputnik 2 (2003-11-26). Retrieved septembre 1, 2004.
  
• On This Day, November 3 - 1957: Russians launch dog into space. BBC News. Retrieved septembre 1, 2004.
  
• Soviet Fires New Satellite, Carrying Dog; Half-Ton Sphere Is Reported 900 Miles Up (November 3, 1957). New York Times.
  
• Whitehouse, David (octobre 28, 2002). First dog in space died within hours, BBC News Online.
  
• Zak, Anatoly (November 3, 1999). The True Story of Laika the Dog. space.com.
  
• Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Opportunity arrives at "Vostok". Retrieved March 24, 2005.
  

[url=][/url]
Voir aussi [modifier]


[url=][/url]
Articles connexes [modifier]

• Chiens du programme spatial soviétique ;
  
• Programme Spoutnik ;
  
• Premiers êtres vivants dans l'espace ;
  
• URSS ;
  
• Youri Gagarine (Юрий Гагарин).
  

[url=][/url]
Liens externes [modifier]








Wikimedia Commons propose des documents multimédia libres sur Laïka.

• (en) History of Sputnik Missions
  
• (en) Sputnik 2 at Astronautix
  
• (en) Original New York Times front page article, Nov. 3, 1957 (via dogsinthenews.com)
  

Laika


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Laika (disambiguation).
Laika, in 1957, became the first animal to be launched into orbit, paving the way for human spaceflight. She is shown here in her flight harness.



Laika (from Russian: Лайка, a breed of dog, literally: "Barker") was a Russian space dog which became the first living creature from Earth to enter orbit. At one time a stray wandering the streets of Moscow, she was selected from an animal shelter. Originally named Kudryavka (Russian: кудрявка), she was renamed Laika after her breed type. After undergoing training with two other dogs, she was selected to be the occupant of the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 and was launched into space on 3 November 1957.
Laika died a few hours after launch from stress and overheating, probably due to a malfunction in the thermal control system. The true cause of her death was not made public until decades after the flight. Some former Soviet scientists have since expressed regret that Laika was allowed to die.[1]
Although Laika did not survive the trip, the experiment proved that a living passenger could survive being launched into orbit and endure weightlessness. It paved the way for human spaceflight and provided scientists with some of the first data on how living organisms react to spaceflight environments.

Sputnik 2 A model of Sputnik 2, Laika's space vehicle




Main article: Sputnik 2

After the success of Sputnik 1, Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader, wanted a second spacecraft launched on November 7, the 40th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution. A more sophisticated satellite was already under construction, but it would not be ready until December; this satellite would later become Sputnik 3.[2]
To meet the November deadline, a new, less sophisticated design had to be built. According to Russian sources, the official decision to launch Sputnik 2 was made on October 10 or 12, leaving the team only four weeks to design and build the space craft.[3] Sputnik 2, therefore, was something of a rush job, with most elements of the space craft being constructed from rough sketches. Aside from the primary mission of sending a living passenger into space, Sputnik 2 also contained instrumentation for measuring solar radiation and cosmic rays.[2]
The craft was equipped with a life-support system consisting of an O2 generator and devices to avoid oxygen poisoning and to absorb CO2. A fan, designed to activate whenever the cabin temperature exceeded 15 °C (59 °F), was added to keep the dog cool. Enough food (in a gelatinous form) was provided for a seven-day flight, and the dog was fitted with a bag to collect waste. A harness was designed to be fitted to the dog, and there were chains to restrict its movements to standing, sitting or lying down; there was no room to turn around in the cabin. An electrocardiogram monitored heart rate and further instrumention tracked respiration rate, maximum arterial pressure and the dog's movements.[4][5]

[edit] Training and voyage


The dog that would later be named Laika was found as a stray wandering the streets of Moscow. She was a mongrel female, approximately three years old, and weighed about 6 kg (13 lb). Soviet personnel gave her several names and nicknames, among them Kudryavka (Russian for Little Curly), Zhuchka (Little Bug) and Limonchik (Little Lemon). Laika, the Russian name for several breeds of dogs similar to the husky, was the name popularized around the world. The American press dubbed her Muttnik (mutt + suffix -nik) as a pun on Sputnik,[6] or referred to her as Curly.[7] Her true pedigree is unknown, although it is generally accepted that she was part husky or other Nordic breed, and possibly part terrier.[8]
The Soviet Union and the United States had previously sent animals only on sub-orbital flights.[9] Three dogs were trained for the Sputnik 2 flight: Albina, Mushka, and Laika.[10] Russian space-life scientist Oleg Gazenko selected and trained Laika.[11] Albina flew twice on a high-altitude test rocket, and Mushka was used to test instrumentation and life support.[5][9] To adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of Sputnik 2, they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods up to 20 days. The extensive close confinement caused them to stop urinating or defecating, made them restless, and caused their general condition to deteriorate. Laxatives did not improve their condition, and the researchers found that only long periods of training proved effective. The dogs were placed in centrifuges that simulated the acceleration of a rocket launch and were placed in machines that simulated the noises of the spacecraft. This caused their pulses to double and their blood pressure to increase by 30–65 torr. The dogs were trained to eat a special high-nutrition gel that would be their food in space.[5]

According to a NASA document, Laika was placed in the satellite on October 31, 1957—three days before the start of the mission.[5] The temperatures at the launch site were extremely cold at that time of year, so a hose connected to a heater was used to keep her container warm. Two assistants were assigned to keep a constant watch on Laika before launch. Just prior to liftoff on November 3, 1957 from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Laika's fur was sponged in a weak alcohol solution and carefully groomed. Iodine was painted onto areas where sensors would be placed to monitor her bodily functions.[12]
At peak acceleration Laika's respiration increased to between three and four times the pre-launch rate.[5] The sensors showed her heart rate was 103 beats/min before launch and increased to 240 beats/min during the early acceleration. After reaching orbit, Sputnik 2's nose cone was jettisoned successfully. However, the "Block A" core did not separate as planned, preventing the thermal control system from operating correctly. Some of the thermal insulation tore loose, raising the cabin temperature to 40 °C (104 °F).[13] After three hours of weightlessness, Laika's pulse rate had settled back to 102 beats/min,[14] three times longer than it had taken during earlier ground tests, an indication of the stress she was under. The early telemetry indicated that Laika was agitated but eating her food.[13] Approximately five to seven hours into the flight, no further life signs were received from the spacecraft.[5]
The Russian scientists had planned to euthanize Laika with a poisoned serving of food after ten days. For many years, the Soviet Union gave conflicting statements that she had died either from oxygen starvation when the batteries failed, or that she had been euthanized. There were many rumours circulated about the exact manner of her passing. In 1999, several Russian sources said that she died after four days when the cabin overheated.[3] In October 2002, Dr. Dimitri Malashenkov, one of the scientists behind the Sputnik 2 mission, revealed that Laika had died five to seven hours after launch from overheating and stress. According to a paper he presented to the World Space Congress in Houston, Texas, "It turned out that it was practically impossible to create a reliable temperature control system in such limited time constraints."[4] Sputnik 2 was finally destroyed (along with Laika's remains) during re-entry on April 14, 1958, just over 5 months later, after 2,570 orbits.[15]

Controversy
Due to the overshadowing issue of the Soviet vs. American Space Race, the humane violations of this experiment went largely unaddressed for some time. As newspaper clippings from 1957 show,[1] the press was more preoccupied with reporting the political perspective, while the health and retrieval (or lack thereof) of Laika was hardly mentioned. Only later were there widespread discussions regarding the fate of the dog.
Sputnik 2 was not designed to be retrievable, so Laika had always been intended to die.[3] The mission sparked a debate across the globe on the mistreatment of animals and animal testing in general to advance science.[11]
In the United Kingdom, the National Canine Defence League called on all dog owners to observe a minute's silence, while the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) received protests even before the Soviet Union had finished announcing the mission's success. Animal rights groups at the time called on members of the public to protest at Soviet embassies.[16] Others demonstrated outside the United Nations in New York;[11] nevertheless, laboratory researchers in the U.S. offered some support for the Russians, at least before the news of Laika's death.[11][17]
In the Soviet Union, there was apparently less controversy. Neither the media, books in the following years, nor the public openly questioned the decision to send a dog into space to die. It was not until 1998, after the collapse of the Soviet regime, that Oleg Gazenko, one of the scientists responsible for sending Laika into space, expressed regret for allowing her to die: "The more time passes, the more I'm sorry about it. We shouldn't have done it... We did not learn enough from this mission to justify the death of the dog."[1

In popular culture
NASA named this soil target on Mars after Laika during the Mars Exploration Rover mission



Laika's pioneering journey made her one of the most famous dogs in the world.
She is perhaps the only character in the Monument to the Conquerors of Space (1964), other than Lenin himself, who can be individually identified by name. A plaque commemorating fallen cosmonauts was unveiled at the Institute for Aviation and Space Medicine in Star City, Moscow, in November 1997; Laika appears in one corner.[15] Several postage stamps from different countries have pictured her. Brands of chocolate and cigarettes were named in her honour, and a large collection of Laika memorabilia still appear in auctions today.[11]
On March 9, 2005, a patch of soil on Mars was unofficially named Laika by mission controllers. It is located near Vostok Crater in Meridiani Planum. It was examined by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity's microscopic imager on Sol 400.[18]
Laika has been featured in numerous works of literature, often with a theme of her survival or rescue. The novel Intervention by Julian May mentions Laika's rescue by a sympathetic alien race. In the novel Weight: The Myth of Atlas and Heracles by Jeanette Winterson, the ancient Greek titan Atlas finds Laika's capsule in orbit and adopts the dog. In Habitus, by James Flint, Laika survives and continues to orbit the earth, having learned to draw sustenance from the world's radio transmissions. There are also stories of her funeral (in the Doctor Who novel Alien Bodies) and travel to other planets (in the comic anthology Flight). In the science fiction short story "Storming The Cosmos", by Bruce Sterling and Rudy Rucker Laika is apparently reincarnated by an alien artifact, becoming the guide of a Soviet expedition to retrieve the artifact. Contemporary Japanese author Haruki Murakami's book, Sputnik Sweetheart, refers to Laika's death on its title page with a quotation from The Complete Chronicle of World History.

A number of bands have taken inspiration from Laika for their names, including Laika Dog, Laika & The Cosmonauts and the eponymous Laika, whose first three albums feature the canine cosmonaut in their cover art. The Spanish pop group Mecano, the Canadian band Arcade Fire, the band Moxy Früvous and the Swedish band The Cardigans have all written songs called "Laika". In 1986, CCCP released Cosmos, an album mostly consisting of paeans to the Soviet space program, featured the song "Laika Laika", complete with Russian military men's chorus. Laika has featured in songs by (among others) Akino Arai ("Sputnik"); Åge Aleksandersen ("Laika"); The Divine Comedy ("Absent Friends" and "Laika's Theme"); Havalina ("Leica"); Neighborhood #2 (Laïka), by the Arcade Fire; Mighty Sparrow ("Russian Satellite"); Pond ("My Dog is an Astronaut, Though") and The Circle Jerks ("Dog"). The band Polaris dedicated their album Music from the Adventures of Pete & Pete to Laika and Ham the Chimp, and David Johansen's "Space Monkey" describes a love affair between the two. In 2002, the group Spacemonkeyz released a remixed version of the Gorillaz album called Laika Come Home. György Kurtág's tape composition, Memoire de Laika (1990) incorporates spoken text about the dog. The 2007 video for the Trentemøller song, Moan, was about the story of Laika.
In the 1985 Swedish film My Life as a Dog (Mitt liv som hund), the protagonist - a boy who feels powerless over his own fate - compares himself to Laika. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay in 1989.

See also

• Soviet space dogs
  
• Animals in space
  

[url=][/url]
[edit] Notes

<LI id=_note-45YRSLATER>^ a b c Message from the First Dog in Space Received 45 Years Too Late. Dogs in the News (2002-11-03). Retrieved on 4 October 2006.
<LI id=_note-NASA3>^ a b James J. Harford (1997). Korolev's Triple Play: Sputniks 1, 2, and 3. NASA. Retrieved on 26 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-AZ>^ a b c Anatoly Zak (1999-11-03). The True Story of Laika the Dog. Retrieved on 28 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-DM>^ a b Malashenkov, D. C. (2002). Abstract:Some Unknown Pages of the Living Organisms' First Orbital Flight. ADS. Retrieved on 28 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-SPUT1>^ a b c d e f Sven Grahn. Sputnik-2, more news from distant history. Retrieved on 01 December 2004.
<LI id=_note-NASA>^ Tara Gray (1998). A Brief History of Animals in Space. NASA. Retrieved on 26 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-BL>^ Space Dog Lives. The British Library. Retrieved on 26 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-AJL>^ Andrew J. LePage (1997). Sputnik 2: The First Animal in Orbit. Retrieved on 26 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-STO>^ a b Dogs in space. Space Today Online (2004). Retrieved on 28 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-BBC>^ Dr David Whitehouse (2002-10-28). First dog in space died within hours. BBC. Retrieved on 26 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-NLM>^ a b c d e Animals as Cold Warriors:Missiles, Medicine and Man's Best Friend. National Library of Medicine (2006-06-19). Retrieved on 28 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-LM>^ Memorial to Laika. Retrieved on 26 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-NASA2>^ a b Sputnik 2. NASA (2005-10-20). Retrieved on 26 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-JAP>^ John B. West (2001-10). "Historical aspects of the early Soviet/Russian manned space program". Journal of Applied Psychology 91 (4): 1501–1511. Retrieved on 28 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-MA>^ a b c The Story of Laika. Retrieved on 26 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-BBCold>^ On this day. BBC (1957-11-03). Retrieved on 26 September 2006.
<LI id=_note-NSMR>^ Human Guinea Pigs and Sputnik 2. National Society for Medical Research (1957-11). Retrieved on 28 September 2006.

1. ^ NASA Mars Rover Status Report: 17 March 2005. Jet Propulsion Laboratory (2005-03-18). Retrieved on 26 September 2006.
   

[url=][/url]
[edit] References

• Angliss, Sarah and Uttley, Colin. Science in the Dock: The man who trained the space dogs. Retrieved January 28, 2005.
  
• Anon. An Internet memorial to Laika. Retrieved September 1, 2004.
  
• Chase, Robin. Muttnik: A Tribute to Laika. Retrieved January 28, 2005.
  
• Grahn, Sven. Sputnik-2, more news from distant history. Retrieved September 1, 2004.
  
• NSSDC Master Catalog: Sputnik 2 (2003-11-26). Retrieved September 1, 2004.
  
• On This Day, November 3 - 1957: Russians launch dog into space. BBC News. Retrieved September 1, 2004.
  
• Soviet Fires New Satellite, Carrying Dog; Half-Ton Sphere Is Reported 900 Miles Up (November 3, 1957). New York Times.
  
• Whitehouse, David (October 28, 2002). First dog in space died within hours, BBC News Online.
  
• Zak, Anatoly (November 3, 1999). The True Story of Laika the Dog. space.com.
  
• Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Opportunity arrives at "Vostok". Retrieved March 24, 2005.
  

[url=][/url]
[edit] External links


Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Laika



Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Laika

• History of Sputnik Missions
  
• Sputnik 2 at Astronautix
  
• Original New York Times front page article, Nov. 3, 1957 (via dogsinthenews.com)
  

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika"

Soviet space dogs


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Jump to: navigation, search

Belka (pictured right) and Strelka (pictured left) orbited the Earth and returned safely on Korabl-Sputnik-5



During the 1950s and 1960s the USSR used a number of dogs for sub-orbital and orbital space flights to determine whether human spaceflight was feasible. In the 1950s and 60s, the Soviet Union launched missions with passenger slots for at least 57 dogs. The actual number of dogs in space is smaller, as some dogs flew more than once. Most survived; the few that died were lost mostly through technical failures.




Contents

[[url=javascript:toggleToc()]hide[/url]]

<LI class=toclevel-1>1 Training
<LI class=toclevel-1>2 Sub-orbital flights


<LI class=toclevel-2>2.1 Dezik, Tsygan and Lisa
<LI class=toclevel-2>2.2 Lisa and Ryzhik
<LI class=toclevel-2>2.3 Smelaya and Malyshka
<LI class=toclevel-2>2.4 Bolik and ZIB
<LI class=toclevel-2>2.5 Otvazhnaya and Snezhinka
<LI class=toclevel-2>2.6 Albina and Tsyganka

• 2.7 Damka and Krasavka
  

<LI class=toclevel-1>3 Orbital Flights


<LI class=toclevel-2>3.1 Laika
<LI class=toclevel-2>3.2 Bars and Lisichka
<LI class=toclevel-2>3.3 Belka and Strelka
<LI class=toclevel-2>3.4 Pchelka and Mushka
<LI class=toclevel-2>3.5 Chernushka
<LI class=toclevel-2>3.6 Zvezdochka

• 3.7 Veterok and Ugolyok
  

<LI class=toclevel-1>4 References
<LI class=toclevel-1>5 See also

• 6 External links
  

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[edit] Training


Dogs were the preferred animal for the experiments because scientists felt that dogs were better suited to endure long periods of inactivity. As part of their training, they were confined in small boxes for 15-20 days at a time. Stray dogs, rather than animals accustomed to living in a house, were chosen because the scientists felt they would be able to tolerate the riguours and extreme stresses of space flight better than other dogs. Female dogs were used because of their temperament and because the suit for the dogs in order to collect urine and faeces was equipped with a special device, designed to work only with females.[1][2]
Their training included standing still for long periods of time, wearing space suits, being placed in simulators that acted like a rocket during launch, riding in centrifuges that simulated the high acceleration of a rocket launch and being kept in progressively smaller cages to prepare them for the confines of the space capsules. Dogs that flew in orbit were fed a nutritious jelly-like protein. This was highly fibrous, and assisted the dogs to excrete during large amounts of vegetating time. More than 60% of dogs to enter space were reportedly suffering from constipation and gall bladder stones on arrival back to base.

Sub-orbital flights
Original Russian space dog box used on suborbital and orbital flights



Several dogs made high-altitude flights on R-1 series geophysical rockets between 1951 and 1952.
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[edit] Dezik, Tsygan and Lisa


Dezik (Дезик) and Tsygan (Цыган, "Gypsy") were the first dogs to make a sub-orbital flight on July 22, 1951. Both dogs were recovered unharmed after travelling to a maximum altitude of 100 km. Dezik made another flight in September with a dog named Lisa, although neither survived.
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[edit] Lisa and Ryzhik


Lisa (Лиса, "Fox" or "Vixen") and Ryzhik (Рыжик, "Ginger" (red-haired)) flew to an altitude of 100 km on June 2, 1954.
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[edit] Smelaya and Malyshka


Smelaya (Смелая, "Bold" or "Courageous") was due to make a flight in September but ran away the day before the launch. Russian officials feared she had been eaten by wolves[citation needed], but she was found the next day and went on to make a successful flight with a dog named Malyshka (Малышка, "Little One").
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[edit] Bolik and ZIB


Bolik (Болик) ran away just days before her flight in September 1951. A replacement named ZIB (allegedly a Russian acronym for "Substitute for Missing Bolik", "Замена исчезнувшему Болику"), who was an untrained street dog found running around barracks was quickly located and made a successful flight.
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[edit] Otvazhnaya and Snezhinka


Otvazhnaya (Отважная, "Brave One") made a flight on July 2, 1959 along with a rabbit named Marfusha (Марфуша, "Martha") and another dog named Snezhinka (Снежинка, "Snowflake"). She went on to make 5 other flights between 1959 and 1960.
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[edit] Albina and Tsyganka


Albina (Альбина, a real female name) and Tsyganka (Цыганка, "Gypsy girl") were both ejected out of their capsule at an altitude of 85 km and landed safely. Albina was one of the dogs shortlisted for Sputnik 2, but never flew in orbit.
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[edit] Damka and Krasavka


Damka (Дамка, "Little Lady") and Krasavka (Красавка, "Little Beauty") were both planned to make an orbital flight on December 22, 1960; however, after the upper stage rocket failed, the flight was aborted. Both were recovered successfully after an unplanned sub-orbital flight. Damka was also known as Shutka (Шутка, "Joke") and Zhemchuzhnaya (Жемчужная, "Pearly") and Krasavka was also known as Kometka (Кометка, "Little Comet") and Zhulka (Жулька, "Cheater").
Other dogs that flew on sub-orbital flights include Dymka (Дымка, "Smoky"), Modnitsa (Модница, "Fashionable") and Kozyavka (Козявка, "Little Gnat").
At least four other dogs flew in September 1951, and two or more were lost.